DELINEATE THE SALIENT FEATURES OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Sustainable Development Goals

What is the sustainable development?

The sustainable development is characterized as "the improvement that addresses the issues of the present without negotiating the capacity of people in the future to address their own issues." The idea of requirements goes past essentially material needs and incorporates values, connections, opportunity to think, act, and take an interest, all adding up to economical living, ethically, and spiritually (Shah, 2008).

Principle of sustainable development

The principle of sustainable development has evolved on the basic assumption of co-existence of two apparently conflicting notions i.e. development and environment. But from the practical point of view, ecological, economic and social aspects of sustainability are inseparable. As William Rees has rightly pointed out that maintenance of ecological integrity has to be accorded primacy over achievement of socio-economic human needs, thus there should be a convergence between ecological and economic factors in the developmental process.

The principle of sustainable development emphasizes on two basic needs, firstly, need for socio-economic development and secondly, need of limitation imposed on the environment's capability to cope with the present and future requirements.

The principle of sustainable development seeks to achieve the following three basic objectives:

      To maintain production of goods and services for development and efficiency.

      Conversation and management of neutral resources including preservation of bio-diversity and maintenance of biological integrity.

      Maintenance and enhancement of the quality of life adopting the principle of equitable distribution of wealth and material resources.

These objectives may respectively be called as economic, environmental and social objectives of the principle of sustainable development (kavitakait, 2008)

FEATURES OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT:

      Sustained Rise in Real per Capita Income:  There should be a sustained rise in real per capita income and economic welfare on long term basis.

      Rational Use of Natural Resources: Sustainable development simply means that natural resources should be rationally used in a manner such that they are not over exploited.

      Preserving the natural resources for future generations: Sustainable development aims at making use of natural resources and environment for raising the existing standard of living in such a way as not to reduce ability of the future generations to meet their own needs.

Strategies for Sustainable Development

      Efficient Technology: Use of production technologies which are input efficient. It means more is produced per unit of input.

      Use of Environment-friendly Sources of Energy: promotion of wind energy, solar energy and other environment friendly sources of energy in place of fossil fuels.

      Promotion of Organic Farming: Adaption of chemical free agriculture.

      Recycling of the Wastes.

      Public Means of Transport: Public means of transport are to be rapid, comfortable and economical (GKTODAY, 2016).

Sustainable development is the idea that human societies must live and meet their needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. The “official” definition of sustainable development was developed for the first time in the Brundtland Report in 1987.

Specifically, sustainable development is a way of organizing society so that it can exist in the long term. This means taking into account both the imperatives present and those of the future, such as the preservation of the environment and natural resources or social and economic equity.

The industrial revolution is connected to the rise of the idea of sustainable development. From the second half of the 19th century, Western societies started to discover that their economic and industrial activities had a significant impact on the environment and the social balance. Here are some examples of the economic and social crises that shook the world in the twentieth century:

• 1907: the American banking crisis
• 1923: the crisis of American hyperinflation
• 1929: the financial crisis of the 1930s begins
• 1968: the worldwide protests against bureaucratic elites
• 1973 and 1979: oil shocks
• 1982: the debt shock of developing countries

And some examples of ecological crises:

·         1954: Rongelap nuclear fallout

·         1956: Mercury crisis of Minamata

·         1957: Torrey Canyon oil spill

·         1976: Seveso disaster

·         1984: Bhopal disaster

·         1986: Chernobyl nuclear disaster

·         1989: Exxon Valdez oil spill

·         1999: Erika disaster

THE PRINCIPLES OF A SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Respect and care for the community of life and improve the quality of human life. Conserve the Earth's vitality and diversity. Minimize the depletion of non-renewable resources. Keep within the Earth's carrying capacity.  Change attitudes and practices and enable communities to care for their own environments.  Provide a national framework for integrating development and conservation. Create a global alliance.

SALIENT FEATURES OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

There are some other salient features of sustainable development are as follow;

      It considers the equity between countries and continents, races and classes, gender and ages.

      It includes social development and economic opportunity on one hand, and the requirements of the environment on the other.

      It is a process which leads to a better quality of life while reducing the impact on the environment.

      It acknowledges the interdependence of human needs and environmental requirements.

REFERENCES

GKTODAY. (2016, 2 7). Retrieved from https://www.gktoday.in/: https://www.gktoday.in/answers/what-is-sustainable-development-explain-the-features/

kavitakait. (2008). Retrieved from http://www.legalservicesindia.com/: http://www.legalservicesindia.com/article/1641/Sustainable-Development,-Guiding-Principles-And-Values.html

Shah, M. (2008). Sustainable Development. ScienceDirect .

Contribution of Max Weber in Social Science

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Contribution of Max Weber in Social Science

Introduction

Max Weber is a German sociologist and political economist best known for his thesis of the “Protestant ethic,” relating Protestantism to capitalism, and for his ideas on bureaucracy. Weber’s profound influence on sociological theory stems from his demand for objectivity in scholarship and from his analysis of the motives behind human action (Mitzman, 2020)

Max Weber is known as a principal architect of modern social science along with Karl Marx and Emil Durkheim. Weber’s wide-ranging contributions gave critical impetus to the birth of new academic disciplines such as sociology as well as to the significant reorientation in law, economics, political science, and religious studies. His methodological writings were instrumental in establishing the self-identity of modern social science as a distinct field of inquiry; he is still claimed as the source of inspiration by empirical positivists and their hermeneutic detractors alike.

Early Life and Education

Max Weber was born on April 21, 1864. His father, Max Weber Sr., was a politically active lawyer with a penchant for “earthly pleasures,” while his mother, Helene Fallenstein Weber, preferred a more ascetic lifestyle. The conflicts this created in their marriage acutely influenced Max. Still, their house was full of prominent intellectuals and lively discourse, an environment in which Weber thrived. Growing up, he was bored with school and disdained his teachers, but devoured classic literature on his own.

Weber studied law, history, philosophy and economics for three semesters at Heidelberg University before spending a year in the military. He passed the bar exam in 1886 and earned his Ph.D. in 1889, ultimately completing his habitation thesis, which allowed him to obtain a position in academia.

During World War I Weber voluntarily service in medical and published three more books in sociological context on religion named,  The Religion of China (1916), The Religion of India (1916) and Ancient Judaism (1917-1918), contrasted their respective religions and cultures with that of the Western world by weighing the importance of economic and religious factors, among others, on historical outcomes. Weber intended to publish additional volumes on Christianity and Islam, but he contracted the Spanish flu and died in Munich on June 14, 1920. His manuscript of Economy and Society was left unfinished; it was edited by his wife and published in 1922 (Biography.com).

Explain the Bureaucracy of Max Weber

Bureaucracy is a generally dispersed idea in Sociology and in Organizational Theory studies, and it right now has a picture where negative viewpoints are frequently featured. In any case, for Max Weber, organization has unmistakable highlights that vary, in fluctuated circumstances, from the portrayal and application regularly attributed to this model of authoritative organization. This survey targets adding to advancing the idea of organization as at first proposed by Max Weber, talking about it in its possibilities (Ferreira, 2019).

Max Weber proposes the concept of Bureaucracy in a context in which he considers rationalization of society as inevitable, causing a growing impersonality in the social relationship, disenchantment of the world. In short, bureaucracy is the phenomenon of affirmation of the rationalization of the world. Rationalization boosted the project of modernity by enabling the application of the general principles of reason to the conduct of human problems, fostering the ability to respond to unstable environments and to manage the inherent complexity. Rational action aimed at controlling uncertainty; rational calculation would limit uncertainty in a world that could be controllable. Two conceptions of rationality are put forward by Weber. Formal rationality regards the means-end relationship and the accomplishment of practical and indisputable ends, through a precise calculation of the means adapted to the attainment of those ends. Real rationality concerns the increasing theoretical dominance of reality through increasingly precise and abstract concepts (Ferreira, 2019; p, 24).

Bureaucracy is an unavoidable idea, both in like manner language and even in authoritative investigation, regardless of whether in the basic sense. Administration/ bureaucracy, by and large, is related with negative highlights of associations, for example, delays in activity, activity focused on murky principles, unreasonable solicitations for documentation, or even innumerable troubles in meeting clients or clients' solicitations( Ferreira, 2019).

References

Ferreira, S. S. (2019). The Concept of Bureaucracy by Max Weber . International Journal of Social Science Studies .

Biography.com, w. (n.d.). Retrieved from The Biography.com website: https://www.biography.com/scholar/max-weber

Ferreira, S. S. (2019). The Concept of Bureaucracy by Max Weber . International Journal of Social Science Studies .

Mitzman, A. (2020). Retrieved from www.britannica.com: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Max-Weber-German-sociologist